Visual Thinking, Seeing Through Time invites readers on a five-part exploration of how visual thinking and communication have evolved across human history. From the earliest hominins to the breakthroughs of modern architecture and art, this series reveals how culture, technology, philosophy, and–uniquely in Part Five–artificial intelligence have shaped the images and structures that define our world. This volume, Part Two, explores how ancient civilizations—from the Harappans of the Indus Valley and the Greeks of the Mediterranean to the Khmer Empire and the Maya—each shaped unique worldviews, yet revealed strikingly similar achievements in language, mathematics, art, and architecture. Despite vast distances and diverse cultures, these societies developed parallel systems of education, government, and belief that reflect universal patterns in human nature. Beneath the surface of cultural differences, this section uncovers the deep-rooted similarities in how people think, organise, and seek meaning in the world. This is an updatable book. Readers are warmly invited to suggest improvements, new content, or useful links for future editions. Contributions will be credited—please send your ideas to rogerburrows1945@gmail.com.