What did the Romans know about their world? Quite a lot, as Daryn Lehoux makes clear in this fascinating and much-needed contribution to the history and philosophy of ancient science. Lehoux contends that even though many of the Romans’ views about the natural world have no place in modern science—the umbrella-footed monsters and dog-headed people that roamed the earth and the stars that foretold human destinies—their claims turn out not to be so radically different from our own.   Lehoux draws upon a wide range of sources from what is unquestionably the most prolific period of ancient science, from the first century BC to the second century AD. He begins with Cicero’s theologico-philosophical trilogy On the Nature of the Gods , On Divination , and On Fate , illustrating how Cicero’s engagement with nature is closely related to his concerns in politics, religion, and law. Lehoux then guides readers through highly technical works by Galen and Ptolemy, as well as the more philosophically oriented physics and cosmologies of Lucretius, Plutarch, and Seneca, all the while exploring the complex interrelationships between the objects of scientific inquiry and the norms, processes, and structures of that inquiry. This includes not only the tools and methods the Romans used to investigate nature, but also the Romans’ cultural, intellectual, political, and religious perspectives. Lehoux concludes by sketching a methodology that uses the historical material he has carefully explained to directly engage the philosophical questions of incommensurability, realism, and relativism.   By situating Roman arguments about the natural world in their larger philosophical, political, and rhetorical contexts, What Did the Romans Know? demonstrates that the Romans had sophisticated and novel approaches to nature, approaches that were empirically rigorous, philosophically rich, and epistemologically complex.      “No mere catalogue of accomplishments, [Lehoux’s] multifaceted book brilliantly rethinks both the Roman and our own approaches to the cosmos. . . . Between the coherent past world that the Romans made and the presumed timelessness of our scientific world, Lehoux leaves us not with an unbridgeable chasm but with his pragmatic realism, born at the confluence of ancient science, historical epistemology and the philosophy of science. First rate.” -- Michael H. Shank ― Times Higher Education “This is a thought-provoking book, and I think in its broad strokes it is successful; Lehoux demonstrates to my satisfaction both that all science is socially constructed to a degree and that we should take every society’s science seriously, because they certainly did. . . . It certainly gave me a new and profound respect for the world of Roman science, and for those who practiced it.” -- Caroline Bishop, Washington University in St. Louis ― Bryn Mawr Classical Review “[A]n unprecedented and fascinating description of the mental experience of educated inhabitants of the Roman Empire looking at the natural world.” -- Edith Hall ― History Today “Elegant. . . . Lehoux’s persuasive narrative . . . is not only a work of classical scholarship: it is also a significant contribution to the philosophy of science.” -- David Sedley ― Times Literary Supplement “In this important, brilliant, and truly admirable book, Lehoux has laid the groundwork for a deeper and clearer understanding of Roman science, most of all that it was rich and significant. May he continue to help us enter still further into what the Romans really knew and ponder what that should mean, in turn, for us.” -- Peter Pesic ― Science “This epistemologically sophisticated interrogation of Roman ‘scientific’ activities represents an exciting opportunity for a new beginning in the dialogue between philosophy of science and the history of scientific practices in the ancient world.” -- Courtney Roby, Cornell University ― Expositions “[A]n innovative and commendable exercise at the intersection of ancient history and the philosophy of science.” -- Jacqueline Feke, University of Chicago ― Expositions “[C]omprehensive and thoughtful. . . . With a sound understanding of Roman natural philosophy and a touch of humor, Lehoux’s work investigates ideas fundamental to the history and philosophy of science.” -- Elizabeth A. Hamm, Saint Mary's College of California ― Expositions “This stimulating book richly repays study.” -- T. E. Rihill, Swansea University ― British Journal for the History of Science “Recommended.” -- H. Doss, Wilbur Wright College ― Choice “This book is a jewel.” -- Karin Verelst ― Isis “This is a fascinating analysis of how elite Romans thought about their place in nature. It will be a permanent contribution to our attempts to understand how literate civilizations at various times and places have thought about human relationships to other creatures, to things, and to the gods.” -- Ian Hacking, Collège de France “ What Did the Romans Know